Cambridge ______a beautiful city

I’m ______ taxi-driver.

My sister ______.

John and Tom are ______friends.

Jane: Is there a bus stop near here?

This is my boyfriend. ______French.

My teacher’s from Canada, ______ name’s Lisa.

Anna______ in a bank. She is a bank teller.

I can______ Spanish.

Let’s ______tennis today.

What time ______get up in the morning?

______is this T-shirt? It’s 70 dollars.

Mel loves snow but Tom doesn’t ______ it?

I ______to Italy for my holiday last year.

Jeff and Nancy ______to watch a film tonight.

I’m______ . I want a sandwich.

Hello, ______I speak to Jane, please?

What’s your ______sport?

Joe: When’s our next lesson?
Steve: ______Wednesday.

Sorry, I haven’t got______ coffee. Is tea OK?

Waiter: Anything else, sir?
Customer ______.

Jim ______got a car.

What______ Simon for his birthday?

Excuse me. ______got the time, please?

______on the internet is easy.

There aren’t ______new houses in that street.

London is ______expensive than New York.

What______ the food like at the party last night?

Look! It______ .

Alex loves giving presents. He’s very ______.

What’s ______? You look upset.

I enjoy______ because I like laughing.

Hi George! ______a good weekend?

______to go for a pizza this evening?

If you want to get fit, you______ do more sport.

Have you ever______ to Australia?

I ______18 years old when I started my first job.

I didn’t ______TV last night.

My grandfather was born eighty years______ .

It was nice to meet you. See you ______, I hope.

I’m ______sorry, but I can’t come to your party tonight.

John______ his wife in 2004.

I’m sure______ a great time at the party next Saturday.

How much time do you ______doing your English homework?

Are you going shopping? ______with you if you like.

Jane is the ______girl in her class.

Excuse me, I______ if you could show me the way to the train station?

In England people usually______ hands when they first meet.

Hurry up or we’ll______ our train!

I was so______ yesterday because I fell asleep in class!

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Where can the first traces of football be found?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the sport grew in popularity.
In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the
‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport, women also play it.
An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

First football games were violent therefore

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Why did Edward II ban football in the 1300s?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Before rules were established in the 1800s, which of these activities was considered normal?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Women started playing football because 

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Music needs words in order to become a truly effective means of communication. 

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Scientists are still looking for a way to show that the brain processes music and language separately.

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Paul Broca attempted to distinguish the processing mechanisms of music and language.

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

The work of Broca and Wernicke marked the beginning of research into the brain and its role in the production of language. 

Read the following paragraph and choose the main idea A, B, or C.

When philosophers debate what it is that makes humans unique among animals, they often point to language. Other animals can communicate, of course. But despite the best efforts of biologists working with beasts as diverse as chimpanzees, dolphins and parrots, no other species has yet shown the subtleties of syntax that give human languages their power. There is, however, another sonic medium that might be thought uniquely human and that is music. Other species can sing (indeed, many birds do so better than a lot of people) but birdsong and the song of animals such as whales, has a limited repertoire-and no other animal is known to have developed a musical instrument. 

The Disease Multiple Sclerosis
Prg A) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the patient’s immune system attacks the central nervous system. This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms, as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain. However, the human body, being a flexible, adaptable system, can compensate for some level of damage, so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.

There are many types of _______.

Prg B)  MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease: the relapsing form and the primary progressive form. In the relapsing form, the disease progresses in a series of jumps; at times it is in remission, which means that a person’s normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active. This is the most common form of MS; 80- 90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years. Eventually, however, loss of physical and cognitive function starts to take place, and the remissions become less frequent.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg C)  In the primary progressive form of MS, there are no remissions, and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10-15% of sufferers at diagnosis.

In the primary progressive form of MS, loss of physical and cognitive functions _______.

Prg D)  The expected course of the disease, or prognosis, depends on many variables: the subtype of the disease, the patient’s individual characteristics and the initial symptoms. Life expectancy of patients, however, is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person-provided that a reasonable standard of care is received. In some cases, a near-normal life span is possible.

The _______ of people diagnosed with MS is similar to those who are not affected by the illness.

Prg E)  The cause of the disease is unclear; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility, which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40. It is more common in women than men; however, it has also been diagnosed in young children and elderly people.

Which of the following may not be a cause of MS?

Prg F) Hereditary factors have been seen to have some relevance. Studies of identical twins have shown that if one twin has the disease, then it is likely that the other twin will develop it. In addition, it is important to realize that close relatives of patients have a higher chance of developing the disease than people without a relative who has MS.

If one _______ is affected the other is likely to develop MS.

Prg G) Where people live can be seen to have a clear effect, as MS does not occur as frequently in every country. It commonly affects Caucasian people, particularly in North America, Europe and Australia. It has been recognized that MS is more common the further the country is away from the equator, and the incidence of MS is generally much higher in northern countries with temperate climates than in warmer southern countries.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg H) Three things, which do not normally occur in healthy people, happen to people who have MS. First, tiny patches of inflammation occur in the brain or spinal cord. Second, the protective coating around the axons, or nerve fibers, in the body start to deteriorate. Third, the axons themselves become damaged or destroyed. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms in the patient, depending on where the affected axons are located.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg I) A common symptom of MS is blurred vision caused by inflammation of the optic nerve. Another sign is loss of muscle tone in arms and legs; this is when control of muscle movement, or strength in the arms or legs, can be lost. Sense of touch can be lost so that the body is unable to feel heat or cold or the sufferer experiences temperature inappropriately; that is, feeling heat when it is cold and vice versa. Balance can also be affected; some people may eventually have to resort to a wheelchair, either on a permanent or temporary basis. The course of the disease varies from person to person.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg J) A diagnosis of MS is often confirmed by the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, which can show defects in the brain and spinal cord. Once diagnosed, MS is a lifelong disease; no cure exists, although a number of medical treatments have been shown to reduce relapses and slow the progression of the disease. It is important that patients with the disease are diagnosed early so that treatment, which can slow the disease, can be started early.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Since a modern company cannot survive without information and computer technologies, they have become an —– part of any commercial venture or worldwide business system.

How a person —- stress is more important than then number of stressors in that person’s life.

70 percent of the Earth’s surface is liquid, —– water scarcity affects more than a billion people each year.

New research —- that mother monkeys —- to other females to help share the burden of raising increasingly dependent offspring.

When Columbus sailed west from Spain in 1492 in pursuit of the riches of the Far East, he —- recent advances in navigation and age-old geographical knowledge.

By 2.5 million years ago, when they began —- stone tools, early humans had understood that they —- the natural world to their own advantage.

The idea of the Internet was initially to provide redundancy of communications —- a catastrophic event like a nuclear blast, which might destroy a single connection or computer but not the entire Network.

More than 80 percent of the dry land will be affected if temperatures continue to increase —- the present rate, but —- very different extents.

The right side of the brain is not actually related to being more creative. At least, not in the popular sense that creative people are more ‘right-brained’ than logical or analytical people are. A study that scanned the brains of 1,000 people (9) —- no such differences. It is true that different brain areas are specialised (10) —- different tasks, including vision, hearing, touch and the control of movement. And the (11) —- language areas are in the left hemisphere in 95 percent of right-handers. (12) —- , both hemispheres work together in almost everything we do and creativity is a whole-brain process. Painters and sculptors may draw on mathematical and logical ideas (13) —- visual imagery and words, just as scientists inventing a new theory may do the reverse.

The right side of the brain is not actually related to being more creative. At least, not in the popular sense that creative people are more ‘right-brained’ than logical or analytical people are. A study that scanned the brains of 1,000 people (9) —- no such differences. It is true that different brain areas are specialised (10) —- different tasks, including vision, hearing, touch and the control of movement. And the (11) —- language areas are in the left hemisphere in 95 percent of right-handers. (12) —- , both hemispheres work together in almost everything we do and creativity is a whole-brain process. Painters and sculptors may draw on mathematical and logical ideas (13) —- visual imagery and words, just as scientists inventing a new theory may do the reverse.

The right side of the brain is not actually related to being more creative. At least, not in the popular sense that creative people are more ‘right-brained’ than logical or analytical people are. A study that scanned the brains of 1,000 people (9) —- no such differences. It is true that different brain areas are specialised (10) —- different tasks, including vision, hearing, touch and the control of movement. And the (11) —- language areas are in the left hemisphere in 95 percent of right-handers. (12) —- , both hemispheres work together in almost everything we do and creativity is a whole-brain process. Painters and sculptors may draw on mathematical and logical ideas (13) —- visual imagery and words, just as scientists inventing a new theory may do the reverse.

The right side of the brain is not actually related to being more creative. At least, not in the popular sense that creative people are more ‘right-brained’ than logical or analytical people are. A study that scanned the brains of 1,000 people (9) —- no such differences. It is true that different brain areas are specialised (10) —- different tasks, including vision, hearing, touch and the control of movement. And the (11) —- language areas are in the left hemisphere in 95 percent of right-handers. (12) —- , both hemispheres work together in almost everything we do and creativity is a whole-brain process. Painters and sculptors may draw on mathematical and logical ideas (13) —- visual imagery and words, just as scientists inventing a new theory may do the reverse.

The right side of the brain is not actually related to being more creative. At least, not in the popular sense that creative people are more ‘right-brained’ than logical or analytical people are. A study that scanned the brains of 1,000 people (9) —- no such differences. It is true that different brain areas are specialised (10) —- different tasks, including vision, hearing, touch and the control of movement. And the (11) —- language areas are in the left hemisphere in 95 percent of right-handers. (12) —- , both hemispheres work together in almost everything we do and creativity is a whole-brain process. Painters and sculptors may draw on mathematical and logical ideas (13) —- visual imagery and words, just as scientists inventing a new theory may do the reverse.

Aristophanes, who is a popular ancient Greek comic playwright, is believed to have written thirty plays, —-.

Whereas there are undoubted social benefits to increasing home ownership, —-.

—-, not only cell operators but also law enforcement have come under fire for exploiting personal data without the user’s knowledge.

No matter how good the food we eat is, if it is not well digested, absorbed into the blood and assimilated into the cells, —-.

—-, Indian culture was primarily oral, with a high value placed on recounting tales and dreams.

.—- since scholars and researchers have an unrivalled understanding of potential drug targets in the development procedures of new medicines.

For the last 20 years, there has been an ongoing argument as to whether jazz is no longer an exclusively American let alone an Afro-American music.

Advanced data analysis is now on the verge of breaking free of its confines in hospitals and computer labs and making its way into our daily lives.

Hastalığın biyolojik doğası kültürden kültüre değişmese de hastalıkların nasıl algılandığının ciddi bir biçimde değişiklik gösterdiğine dair net kanıtlar vardır.

Akademik başarısızlığın önlenmesi ciddi bir konudur çünkü akademik başarısızlığa uğrayan çocuklar yaşamları boyunca önemli sosyal ve ekonomik problemler yaşarlar.

Even though there are a number of teaching approaches, the literature indicates that teachers have two primary orientations to teaching: an orientation toward conveying knowledge and an orientation toward facilitating learning. —- On the other hand, if the teacher wants to maximise students’ understanding, he or she will probably focus on the integration and elaboration of information in ways that could facilitate meaningful learning and critical thinking.

Beautifully coloured birds, acrobatic monkeys, and noisy insects are just a few of the sights and sounds in a tropical rainforest – the richest plant and animal habitat in the world. Rainforests are found near the Equator where it is wet and warm enough for plants to grow all year round. Most rainforest trees are evergreen, and they produce food and shelter for a vast number of animals —- Every year, huge areas are cut down for timber and to make way for pastures and crops.

(I)The traditional image of the computer gamer is of a teenage boy addicted to sitting in the dark in front of a screen. (II) Actually, an increasing percentage of users and buyers of computer games are women, who are thought to be attracted by the appearance of sophisticated simulation games. (III) It has been argued that unlike film or television, computers permit greater interaction between users. (IV) Furthermore, the majority of computer gamers have an average age around 30. (V) Some two-fifths of the most frequent players are over 35.

(I) One of the most widespread devices ever invented, the bicycle is everywhere. (II) Far cleaner than a car and quicker than walking, bicycles have become popular. (III) Bicycles in various forms were built by a host of inventors during the 19th century. (IV) They were uncomfortable and difficult to ride, but a quick succession of innovations towards the end of the century delivered bicycles that more closely resemble the machines we know and love today. (V) Bicycles are made of light material to enable the owner to carry easily in case they are broken down.

(I) The best conditions for dandelion seeds are relatively calm, sunny days that generate thermal updraughts. (II) A 2003 study at the University of Regensburg in Germany found that 99.5 percent of dandelion seeds land within 10 metres of their plant. (III) That is because the seed ‘parachute’ falls at about 30 cm per second and dandelions only grow about 30 cm high. (IV) So, that gives each seed just one second of flight time to be blown sideways by the wind to its new home. (V) Higher wind speeds do not really increase the distance the seeds fly, because strong winds tend to blow downwards as well as sideways, so the seeds just land even sooner.

Fasting could boost your brainpower. A stomach hormone that stimulates appetite seems to promote the growth of new brain cells and protect them from the effects of ageing ─ and may explain why some people say that fasting makes them feel sharper. Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone, as it is made by the stomach when it gets empty. If we go a few hours without food, its levels rise in our blood. But there is also evidence that ghrelin can enhance cognition. Animals fed reduced-calorie diets have better mental abilities. Injecting ghrelin into mice improves their performance in learning and memory tests and seems to boost the number of connections in their brains. Now Jeffrey Davies at Swansea University, UK, and his team have found further evidence that ghrelin can stimulate brain cells to divide and multiply, a process called neurogenesis. When they added the hormone to mouse brain cells grown in a dish, it switched on a gene known to trigger neurogenesis. ‘’If the same happens in animals, this could be how ghrelin affects memory,’’ says Davies, whose work was presented at the British Neuroscience Association conference in 2017. The work may have implications for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Davies’s team have found that ghrelin, or chemicals that act the same way, could help treat some conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

According to the passage, the hormone ghrelin —-.

Fasting could boost your brainpower. A stomach hormone that stimulates appetite seems to promote the growth of new brain cells and protect them from the effects of ageing ─ and may explain why some people say that fasting makes them feel sharper. Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone, as it is made by the stomach when it gets empty. If we go a few hours without food, its levels rise in our blood. But there is also evidence that ghrelin can enhance cognition. Animals fed reduced-calorie diets have better mental abilities. Injecting ghrelin into mice improves their performance in learning and memory tests and seems to boost the number of connections in their brains. Now Jeffrey Davies at Swansea University, UK, and his team have found further evidence that ghrelin can stimulate brain cells to divide and multiply, a process called neurogenesis. When they added the hormone to mouse brain cells grown in a dish, it switched on a gene known to trigger neurogenesis. ‘’If the same happens in animals, this could be how ghrelin affects memory,’’ says Davies, whose work was presented at the British Neuroscience Association conference in 2017. The work may have implications for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Davies’s team have found that ghrelin, or chemicals that act the same way, could help treat some conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

According to the passage, Jeffrey Davies —-.

Fasting could boost your brainpower. A stomach hormone that stimulates appetite seems to promote the growth of new brain cells and protect them from the effects of ageing ─ and may explain why some people say that fasting makes them feel sharper. Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone, as it is made by the stomach when it gets empty. If we go a few hours without food, its levels rise in our blood. But there is also evidence that ghrelin can enhance cognition. Animals fed reduced-calorie diets have better mental abilities. Injecting ghrelin into mice improves their performance in learning and memory tests and seems to boost the number of connections in their brains. Now Jeffrey Davies at Swansea University, UK, and his team have found further evidence that ghrelin can stimulate brain cells to divide and multiply, a process called neurogenesis. When they added the hormone to mouse brain cells grown in a dish, it switched on a gene known to trigger neurogenesis. ‘’If the same happens in animals, this could be how ghrelin affects memory,’’ says Davies, whose work was presented at the British Neuroscience Association conference in 2017. The work may have implications for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Davies’s team have found that ghrelin, or chemicals that act the same way, could help treat some conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

The underlined phrase in the passage ‘switched on’ is closest in meaning to —-.

Fasting could boost your brainpower. A stomach hormone that stimulates appetite seems to promote the growth of new brain cells and protect them from the effects of ageing ─ and may explain why some people say that fasting makes them feel sharper. Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone, as it is made by the stomach when it gets empty. If we go a few hours without food, its levels rise in our blood. But there is also evidence that ghrelin can enhance cognition. Animals fed reduced-calorie diets have better mental abilities. Injecting ghrelin into mice improves their performance in learning and memory tests and seems to boost the number of connections in their brains. Now Jeffrey Davies at Swansea University, UK, and his team have found further evidence that ghrelin can stimulate brain cells to divide and multiply, a process called neurogenesis. When they added the hormone to mouse brain cells grown in a dish, it switched on a gene known to trigger neurogenesis. ‘’If the same happens in animals, this could be how ghrelin affects memory,’’ says Davies, whose work was presented at the British Neuroscience Association conference in 2017. The work may have implications for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Davies’s team have found that ghrelin, or chemicals that act the same way, could help treat some conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

What is the primary purpose of the author?

French manicures and finding the end of the sticky tape; if this is all you thought fingernails were good for, think again. A new study explains why our nails are crucial to our natural ability to grow back lost finger, and even provides clues as to how we might enhance our limited powers of regeneration. Although we might not be able to grow whole fingers, we can regrow the ends of amputated fingers. For years, scientists have wondered why this only happens when some of the nail is left behind. But now the answer has been discovered. Studying mice, the biologists found stem cells – cells that can change into any other kind – in a layer just below the nail on mice toes. When the very tip of a toe  is amputated, a chain reaction is initiated that draws nerves to the area. This in turn prompts the stem cells to form new bone tendons and muscle. If a finger is amputated too far back and there is no nail, this chain reaction does not get started. It is thought that the same mechanism is behind the regeneration of human fingertips. “If we could identify all the molecules that have this special ability to induce this kind of regeneration, a pharmacological approach to treat amputees might become available,” says the researcher who led the study.

It can be understood from the passage that human nails —-.

French manicures and finding the end of the sticky tape; if this is all you thought fingernails were good for, think again. A new study explains why our nails are crucial to our natural ability to grow back lost finger, and even provides clues as to how we might enhance our limited powers of regeneration. Although we might not be able to grow whole fingers, we can regrow the ends of amputated fingers. For years, scientists have wondered why this only happens when some of the nail is left behind. But now the answer has been discovered. Studying mice, the biologists found stem cells – cells that can change into any other kind – in a layer just below the nail on mice toes. When the very tip of a toe  is amputated, a chain reaction is initiated that draws nerves to the area. This in turn prompts the stem cells to form new bone tendons and muscle. If a finger is amputated too far back and there is no nail, this chain reaction does not get started. It is thought that the same mechanism is behind the regeneration of human fingertips. “If we could identify all the molecules that have this special ability to induce this kind of regeneration, a pharmacological approach to treat amputees might become available,” says the researcher who led the study.

According to the passage, the research carried out on mice —-.

French manicures and finding the end of the sticky tape; if this is all you thought fingernails were good for, think again. A new study explains why our nails are crucial to our natural ability to grow back lost finger, and even provides clues as to how we might enhance our limited powers of regeneration. Although we might not be able to grow whole fingers, we can regrow the ends of amputated fingers. For years, scientists have wondered why this only happens when some of the nail is left behind. But now the answer has been discovered. Studying mice, the biologists found stem cells – cells that can change into any other kind – in a layer just below the nail on mice toes. When the very tip of a toe  is amputated, a chain reaction is initiated that draws nerves to the area. This in turn prompts the stem cells to form new bone tendons and muscle. If a finger is amputated too far back and there is no nail, this chain reaction does not get started. It is thought that the same mechanism is behind the regeneration of human fingertips. “If we could identify all the molecules that have this special ability to induce this kind of regeneration, a pharmacological approach to treat amputees might become available,” says the researcher who led the study.

The attitude displayed by the leader of the team studying mice is —-.

French manicures and finding the end of the sticky tape; if this is all you thought fingernails were good for, think again. A new study explains why our nails are crucial to our natural ability to grow back lost finger, and even provides clues as to how we might enhance our limited powers of regeneration. Although we might not be able to grow whole fingers, we can regrow the ends of amputated fingers. For years, scientists have wondered why this only happens when some of the nail is left behind. But now the answer has been discovered. Studying mice, the biologists found stem cells – cells that can change into any other kind – in a layer just below the nail on mice toes. When the very tip of a toe  is amputated, a chain reaction is initiated that draws nerves to the area. This in turn prompts the stem cells to form new bone tendons and muscle. If a finger is amputated too far back and there is no nail, this chain reaction does not get started. It is thought that the same mechanism is behind the regeneration of human fingertips. “If we could identify all the molecules that have this special ability to induce this kind of regeneration, a pharmacological approach to treat amputees might become available,” says the researcher who led the study.

What could be the best title for the passage?

Reporter: – Kids love to eat hamburgers, but they’re not very healthy. Tell us about the public school initiative to make lunches healthier for students. 

Dietician: – With some help from food engineers, we’ve created a mushroom-beef blend that’s being used in schools across the country to help students eat healthier. 

Reporter: – —-

Dietician: – True. In addition to fewer calories and saturated fats than regular hamburgers, this blend is also a greener alternative to meat since mushrooms are more sustainable than beef. Reporter: – That makes sense as they require fewer resources than livestock to produce.

Researcher: – From your documentary, we learned that Princess Diana secretly collaborated with journalist Andrew Morton to write a book about her life, in which he discloses details of her troubled relations with the royal family. 

Documentarist: – Well, when the book was published in 1992, Diana’s cooperation was a secret. But, when Morton republished the book after her death in 1997, he exposed the fact that Diana herself was the direct source for many revelations in the book. 

Reporter: – —- 

Documentarist: – He wanted to bring an important fact to light; the Princess herself wanted the public to know she was not living a fairy tale, but a life of misery.

While professional advertisers scoff at the idea, the general public seems to assume that subliminal advertising is widely and effectively practiced.

The years following the 1789 revolution in France brought massive upheaval in French society, which, in turn, produced profound changes in dress and fashion.

During the worldwide malaria epidemic of 1992, it was observed that the disease had developed a —- to certain drugs that had once been effective.

The main focus of the research to be —- by a multidisciplinary team will be the study of the genes and proteins of organisms in the context of their informational pathways or networks.

By protecting the global community from infection before it strikes, one can —- save millions of lives.

The successful education of children with speech defects involves —- all means of approach.

Soon, with all these advances in technology, patients with weak hearts —- from the comfort of their own homes.

The mentally handicapped have difficulty in coping —- tasks that are well —- the capabilities of the average person.

—- anxiety, depression is the most common psychiatric disorder and typically begins —- the 20s, 30s or 40s.

Poisoning —- drug overdose is a frequent and still increasing cause of admission to hospital.

At room temperature, unsaturated fats, such as those found in oil, are usually liquid, —- saturated fats, such as those found in butter, are solid.

—- obesity results basically from an excess of calories, in some instances, genetic background may be a contributing factor.

New techniques are constantly being pioneered to improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery. During operations (11) —- is absolutely vital and technology is increasingly involved in a surgeon’s work. One example is a new operating microscope which (12) —- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can be used to project an image of the deeper areas of the brain (13) —- the surface that the surgeon is working on; it (14) – — gives him a detailed and accurate map of (15) —- incisions must be made.

New techniques are constantly being pioneered to improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery. During operations (11) —- is absolutely vital and technology is increasingly involved in a surgeon’s work. One example is a new operating microscope which (12) —- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can be used to project an image of the deeper areas of the brain (13) —- the surface that the surgeon is working on; it (14) – — gives him a detailed and accurate map of (15) —- incisions must be made.

New techniques are constantly being pioneered to improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery. During operations (11) —- is absolutely vital and technology is increasingly involved in a surgeon’s work. One example is a new operating microscope which (12) —- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can be used to project an image of the deeper areas of the brain (13) —- the surface that the surgeon is working on; it (14) – — gives him a detailed and accurate map of (15) —- incisions must be made.

New techniques are constantly being pioneered to improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery. During operations (11) —- is absolutely vital and technology is increasingly involved in a surgeon’s work. One example is a new operating microscope which (12) —- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can be used to project an image of the deeper areas of the brain (13) —- the surface that the surgeon is working on; it (14) – — gives him a detailed and accurate map of (15) —- incisions must be made.

New techniques are constantly being pioneered to improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery. During operations (11) —- is absolutely vital and technology is increasingly involved in a surgeon’s work. One example is a new operating microscope which (12) —- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can be used to project an image of the deeper areas of the brain (13) —- the surface that the surgeon is working on; it (14) – — gives him a detailed and accurate map of (15) —- incisions must be made.

Because adults dislike hearing babies cry, —-.

If a doctor anticipates that the foetus’s lungs are immature, and delivery cannot be delayed, —-.

—- in which patients not confined to bed may have their meals.