Seviye Belirleme Sınavı

Pain is a highly subjective —- that no two people experience in exactly the same way.

Even during its early phases, the French Revolution aroused —- conflict throughout Europe.

The rise of lay education during the medieval intellectual revival was an —- important development in the history of Western Europe.

When the euro was —- on 1 January 1999, it was the first time since the Roman Empire that Europe had a single currency.

The world —- more than 2 billion tons of garbage every year, and trash heaps are rapidly growing in crowded countries like China and India.

Writing “objectively” means that personal feelings are not —- the writing.

If things —- according to plan, the book —- by this time next year.

Included with the account of his journey down the Amazon there —- engaging stories —- by the unusual people he meets.

The US presidential election of 1800 —- notorious on account of the unforeseen constitutional problems it —-.

Although there —- some growth in the non-oil sector, Nigeria —- dangerously reliant on hydrocarbon revenues.

When Germany —- Yugoslavia 1941, Bosnia and Herzegovina —– part of the Nazi-controlled Croatia.

If she —- more pessimistic, most probably she —- up, but instead, she went on trying.

Underwater archaeology is generally considered to —- its first major encouragement during the winter of 1853-54, when a particularly low water level in a Swiss lake —- bare enormous quantities of wooden posts, pottery and other artifacts.

There —- no doubt that the oil sector —- the basis of the Iraqi economy for many years to come.

Although alcohol consumption per capita —- a peak in the United States during the first three decades of the 19th century, now it —- down in all age groups.

Imagine what your life would be like if you —- one morning and everything you —- had been forgotten!

The Pyramid of the Sun —- in stages in the second and third centuries A.D. and —- about 200 feet high and 700 feet in length.

—- the same time as modern humans pushed into Europe, some of the same group that had paused—- the Middle East spread east into Central Asia.

Psychological studies show that Belgian and French workers place greater importance —- personal independence than do workers —- many other countries.

Ancient Pompeii, destroyed in A.D. 79 —- an eruption of Vesuvius, lay buried —- rock and ash until the 18th century.

The European Parliament is comprised of 626 members. It (1) —- significantly stronger since its inception. (2) —-, the Parliament was simply an advisory body, but its responsibilities were widened(3) —- the Single European Act and Treaty of the European Union of 1993. Three major responsibilities of the Parliament are legislative power, control over the budget and supervision of executive (4) —-. The European Commission (5) —- community legislation to the Parliament. The Parliament must approve the legislation before submitting it to the Council for adoption.

The European Parliament is comprised of 626 members. It (1) —- significantly stronger since its inception. (2) —-, the Parliament was simply an advisory body, but its responsibilities were widened(3) —- the Single European Act and Treaty of the European Union of 1993. Three major responsibilities of the Parliament are legislative power, control over the budget and supervision of executive (4) —-. The European Commission (5) —- community legislation to the Parliament. The Parliament must approve the legislation before submitting it to the Council for adoption.

The European Parliament is comprised of 626 members. It (1) —- significantly stronger since its inception. (2) —-, the Parliament was simply an advisory body, but its responsibilities were widened(3) —- the Single European Act and Treaty of the European Union of 1993. Three major responsibilities of the Parliament are legislative power, control over the budget and supervision of executive (4) —-. The European Commission (5) —- community legislation to the Parliament. The Parliament must approve the legislation before submitting it to the Council for adoption.

The European Parliament is comprised of 626 members. It (1) —- significantly stronger since its inception. (2) —-, the Parliament was simply an advisory body, but its responsibilities were widened(3) —- the Single European Act and Treaty of the European Union of 1993. Three major responsibilities of the Parliament are legislative power, control over the budget and supervision of executive (4) —-. The European Commission (5) —- community legislation to the Parliament. The Parliament must approve the legislation before submitting it to the Council for adoption.

The European Parliament is comprised of 626 members. It (1) —- significantly stronger since its inception. (2) —-, the Parliament was simply an advisory body, but its responsibilities were widened(3) —- the Single European Act and Treaty of the European Union of 1993. Three major responsibilities of the Parliament are legislative power, control over the budget and supervision of executive (4) —-. The European Commission (5) —- community legislation to the Parliament. The Parliament must approve the legislation before submitting it to the Council for adoption.

They are installing a great deal of information technology, —- the staff are quite incapable of using it.

She can have the job —- she is willing to work on Saturdays.

Today virtually all country and suburban weeklies and small dailies are produced by offset lithography, a procedure —- photographs can be reproduced inexpensively.

The belief that anyone can aspire to anything is—- America’s greatest gifts to the world.

Children can benefit from their experiences —- they retain information from these experiences over time.

Communication between humans is largely based upon language. Learning a new language involves many different processes. One step is to learn and build a vocabulary. Vocabulary is comprised of the different words used by speakers to express themselves. Linguists recognize two different types of vocabulary: passive and active.

The word comprised in the passage is closest in meaning to

The term passive vocabulary refers to the set of words that one has learned or is familiar with. Words that comprise a person’s passive vocabulary are used infrequently for several reasons. First, their definitions are not always completely known. In other cases, speakers avoid certain words or terms that they do not need to use often in conversation. For most people, their passive vocabulary is much larger than their active vocabulary. This is because passive vocabulary continues to expand throughout a person’s lifetime. 

The word infrequently in the passage is closest in meaning to

The term passive vocabulary refers to the set of words that one has learned or is familiar with. Words that comprise a person’s passive vocabulary are used infrequently for several reasons. First, their definitions are not always completely known. In other cases, speakers avoid certain words or terms that they do not need to use often in conversation. For most people, their passive vocabulary is much larger than their active vocabulary. This is because passive vocabulary continues to expand throughout a person’s lifetime. 

The word expand in the passage is closest in meaning to

The United Nations is an international organization. Its primary goal is to maintain peace among the countries of the world. It is comprised of 1 93 nations and has existed for over fifty years. The United Nations officially convened for the first time in 1945. However, a series of events preceded its formation. 

The word its in the passage refers to

Before the United Nations came into existence, there was another organization with a similar goal called the League of Nations. It was founded in 1919, shortly after World War I. However, the League of Nations was not effective in enforcing its resolutions. This and other limitations left world leaders wanting a different type of international organization. 

The word It in the passage refers to

The main motivation behind the formation of the United Nations was to avoid another devastating war like World War II. The idea for the United Nations came about during wartime conferences in Moscow and Tehran in the latter part of 1943. When the declarations were signed, an agreement was made that an organization like the United Nations would be created in the future. Over the next year, representatives from China, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States met in order to outline the basic goals of the organization. They were agreed upon, and the charter was finally approved on October 24, 1945. This marked the official beginning of the United Nations.

The word They in the passage refers to

The moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite, orbiting around the Earth from an average distance of 238,000 miles. According to the giant impact theory, another forming planet collided with our planet about 4.5 billion years ago, causing large pieces of the Earth to leave the atmosphere and go into orbit around the Earth. Later, these pieces underwent a process in which they combined, melted, cooled, and subsequently formed the moon. After its formation, numerous craters, which are characteristic of the jagged terrain of the moon, began to form. The vast majority of lunar craters were created by impacts, although volcanic activity may also have caused craters to appear.

What can be inferred from the paragraph  about the moon?

An impact crater is formed when a meteorite hit the surface. Some planets and moons contain atmospheres that are able to burn up meteorites due to the heat produced from air resistance as they enter the atmosphere. The moon does not have an atmosphere. Therefore, it has no protective barrier to burn meteorites up before they reach the surface. Instead, meteorites forcefully explode upon impact, ejecting surface material at great velocity. The force of the impact causes smaller pieces to shoot out from the impact site. The ejected surface material falls back down and showers the moon’s surface, creating a raised ring around the crater. Larger craters are created by the impact of asteroids, which are much larger than meteorites.

Which of the following can be inferred based on the information in the paragraph ?

Volcanic craters form when hot magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface, rises upward, breaking open the surface layers. Since the moon has no moving plates, there are no upper mantle layers as there are on the Earth. Upper mantle layers generally remain intact, so eruptions from below the surface are less likely to occur. Because of the lack of mantle layers on the moon, the magma breaks right through the surface. Through these cracks, hot gases escape as the magma cools and recedes. Through this process, a cavity beneath the surface is formed, and it quivers from the lack of support. As magma has low viscosity; it does not have enough matter to fully form a plateau above the surface. As the surface collapses, the magma falls with it, forming a crater. Volcanic craters differ from impact craters in appearance with their irregular shapes and presence of volcanic matter.

According to the paragraph , what can be inferred about volcanic craters?

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 marked the beginning of an economic boom known as the California Gold Rush. The miners, many of whom were originally journalists, lawyers, and businessmen, preserved their experiences in writing. Much of this was peppered with colorful phrases related to their new work. Interestingly, many of these phrases are still in use today in the English language. 

Which of the following is true according to the paragraph?

The popular phrase ” pan out, ” meaning “to be successful, ” can be traced back to the gold rush. Miners would separate gold from worthless minerals using a pan; gold would settle to the bottom of the pan, and other sediments would be removed. The likely origin of ” pan out, ” then, is from the process of gathering all the gold in one’s pan. 

According to the paragraph, where did the phrase ” pan out” originate?

In addition, the phrase “strike it rich” originated from the Gold Rush. This phrase has come to mean “to become wealthy quickly.” A strike is literally a discovery, in this case, of gold. During the Gold Rush, if a miner “struck it rich, ” he found gold and thus became wealthy. Having lost its original meaning, the same phrase is used today when people make money quickly in business or win a lottery.

According to the paragraph , what does “strike it rich ” mean today?

The invention of automobiles in the 19th century had a profound effect on modern transportation. Further advancements in the automotive industry have led to the  development of the electric car. Electric cars are able to function on electric power instead of gasoline fuel. The merits of the electric car have been debated since its invention. However, due to growing concerns about the environmental costs and economic sustainability of gasoline fuel, the electric car is being hailed as the best alternative available to consumers today. 

Most modern vehicles employ an internal combustion engine. In order to run, the fuel reacts with air in a small space and produces energy. When internal combustion engines first became popular, there was little concern for the negative effects they might have on the environment. Scientists have since learned that they produce gases and fumes that contribute to air pollution. There are also increasing concerns about the role of carbon dioxide emissions on global warming. Many feel that automobiles are a major cause of the problem. Electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. They do not directly produce any harmful emissions. According to a scientific study, electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as one hundred percent, especially if solar or wind power is the source of electrical energy. 

In addition, electrical cars are also better for the economy. They reduce dependence on petroleum, a non-renewable energy source that powers most internal combustion engines. As the world’s supplies of petroleum are depleted, it becomes increasingly expensive for consumers. The fluctuating price of petroleum can cause already unstable economies to collapse. In contrast, electric cars rely less on non-renewable energy sources. The increased use of electric cars lessens the importance of petroleum in the world economy. Moreover, since it is less expensive to produce electricity than gasoline, the cost of operating an electric car is more affordable for consumers.

Why does the author mention internal combustion engines?

The invention of automobiles in the 19th century had a profound effect on modern transportation. Further advancements in the automotive industry have led to the development of the electric car. Electric cars are able to function on electric power instead of gasoline fuel. The merits of the electric car have been debated since its invention.  However, due to growing concerns about the environmental costs and economic sustainability of gasoline fuel, the electric car is being hailed as the best alternative available to consumers today.

Most modern vehicles employ an internal combustion engine. In order to run, the fuel reacts with air in a small space and produces energy. When internal combustion engines first became popular, there was little concern for the negative effects they might have on the environment. Scientists have since learned that they produce gases and fumes that contribute to air pollution. There are also increasing concerns about the role of carbon dioxide emissions on global warming. Many feel that automobiles are a major cause of the problem. Electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. They do not directly produce any harmful emissions. According to a scientific study, electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as one hundred percent, especially if solar or wind power is the source of electrical energy.

In addition, electrical cars are also better for the economy. They reduce dependence on petroleum, a non-renewable energy source that powers most internal combustion engines. As the world’s supplies of petroleum are depleted, it becomes increasingly expensive for consumers. The fluctuating price of petroleum can cause already unstable economies to collapse. In contrast, electric cars rely less on non-renewable energy sources. The increased use of electric cars lessens the importance of petroleum in the world economy. Moreover, since it is less expensive to produce electricity than gasoline, the cost of operating an electric car is more affordable for consumers.

The author discusses carbon dioxide emissions in order to

The invention of automobiles in the 19th century had a profound effect on modern transportation. Further advancements in the automotive industry have led to the development of the electric car. Electric cars are able to function on electric power instead of

gasoline fuel. The merits of the electric car have been debated since its invention. However, due to growing concerns about the environmental costs and economic sustainability of gasoline fuel, the electric car is being hailed as the best alternative available to consumers today. 

Most modern vehicles employ an internal combustion engine. In order to run, the fuel reacts with air in a small space and produces energy. When internal combustion engines first became popular, there was little concern for the negative effects they might have on the environment. Scientists have since learned that they produce gases and fumes that contribute to air pollution. There are also increasing concerns about the role of carbon dioxide emissions on global warming. Many feel that automobiles are a major cause of the problem. Electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. They do not directly produce any harmful emissions. According to a scientific study, electric cars reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as one hundred percent, especially if solar or wind power is the source of electrical energy. 

In addition, electrical cars are also better for the economy. They reduce dependence on petroleum, a non-renewable energy source that powers most internal combustion engines. As the world’s supplies of petroleum are depleted, it becomes increasingly expensive for consumers. The fluctuating price of petroleum can cause already unstable economies to collapse. In contrast, electric cars rely less on non-renewable energy sources. The increased use of electric cars lessens the importance of petroleum in the world economy. Moreover, since it is less expensive to produce electricity than gasoline, the cost of operating an electric car is more affordable for consumers.

The author uses solar or wind power as an example of 

Why do people focus their attention on particular elements of their surroundings while completely ignoring others? Selective attention theories propose answers to this question.  (A) Most people have been in a situation where their attention was focused on a difficult issue, such as a challenging homework problem, and became inattentive to other stimuli in the environment.  (B) Selective attention theories, then, attempt to describe how one can focus on a single consuming issue and ignore other stimuli.  (C) These theories can be separated into two distinct categories: filter theories and attentional resource theories.  (D) 

Where would the sentence best fit?

These might include a conversation in the same room or the noise from a construction site outside.

Donald Broad bent proposed the first filter theory in 1958. It would become the basis for subsequent filter theories. (A) In his theory, Broad bent suggested that humans begin to filter information immediately after it is heard. (B) For example, Broadbent believed that humans disregard the chatter in a busy room if it has no relevance to their current train of thought. (C) Therefore, the brain must first process the information and regard certain stimuli (one’s name, for example) as having higher importance.  (D) The brain, then, processes anything that enters through the ear. However, not all information enters the consciousness of the subject. Essentially, the brain filters anything that is unfamiliar. A familiar name or voice can redirect one’s attention. 

 Where would the sentence best fit?

However, later filter theorists recognized that people will still respond to their name in a crowded room, even if it was not a part of their current conversation.

In contrast, attentional resource theories state that attention is dependent not upon filters but upon a fixed amount of attention that one can devote to tasks. (A) Imagine attention as a percentage. Now, imagine that at any given time, one can devote one hundred percent of his or her attention to a given task. (B) Returning to the example of the crowded room, a person would have to divide his or her attention according to all stimuli in the room. (C) This person might devote, for example, seventy percent of his or her attention to a conversation with a friend. (D) Thus, thirty percent of his or her attentional resources would be available for other tasks. These tasks could be listening to other conversations in the room or even thinking about a baseball game. If he or she wanted to devote more attention to the conversation, attentional resources would have to be redirected from another task.

Where would the sentence best fit?

This attention can be thought of in numerical terms.

Stems are the structures that support a plant’s buds and leaves, carrying nutrients to all parts of the plant. Water and carbohydrates (sugars) are transported through the stem’s interior tissues, which are typically arranged in a concentric ring formation. The outermost ring, called the phloem, is where carbohydrates are transported from the leaves to the roots. This occurs through a process called the pressure-flow mechanism. A movement called translocation transports nutrients from the source, where carbohydrates are made and stored in the plant, to the sink, where they are needed. Sinks can be roots, flowers, fruits, stems, and young leaves. As carbohydrates enter the phloem from the leaves, water is transported in by osmosis, which causes pressure to build up, pushing the nutrients downward toward the roots. Conversely, in the innermost ring of the stem, called the xylem, water moves in an upward direction according to the cohesion-tension theory. Since water molecules attract each other (a property called cohesion), more water is pulled up from the plant’s root system toward the leaves. This movement causes tension within the stem’s xylem, creating continuous, thin columns of water that extend through h the stem. As water evaporates with in the plant, the tension becomes greater, moving the water molecules up the plant. Additional water from the soil enters through the roots to sustain the process and the life of the plant.

Choose THREE true sentences about the text

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Where can the first traces of football be found?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the sport grew in popularity.
In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the
‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport, women also play it.
An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

First football games were violent therefore

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Why did Edward II ban football in the 1300s?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Before rules were established in the 1800s, which of these activities was considered normal?

A Brief History of Football

There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are present in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be traced as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named ‘Tsu Chu’, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English equivalent of a football was made using an animal bladder. Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward II banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practicing archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England.

In 1605 football became legal and once again the

sport grew in popularity.

In the 1800s it became particularly common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had limited rules and no referees. Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the opposite team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new version called the

‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities.

Though football could be considered a male sport,

women also play it.

An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs traditionally done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually lifted in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics.

Women started playing football because 

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Music needs words in order to become a truly effective means of communication. 

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Scientists are still looking for a way to show that the brain processes music and language separately.

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

Paul Broca attempted to distinguish the processing mechanisms of music and language.

Write Yes, No or Not Given next to the views of the writer which are based on the paragraphs below.

Music is clearly different from language. People can, nevertheless, use it to communicate things-especially their emotions-and when allied with speech in a song, it is one of the most powerful means of communication that humans have. But what, biologically speaking, is it? If music is truly distinct from speech, then it ought to have a distinct processing mechanism in the brain-one that keeps it separate from the interpretation of other sounds, including language. The evidence suggests that a separate mechanism does, indeed, exist.

Scientific curiosity about the auditory system dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1861 Paul Broca, a French surgeon, observed that speech was impaired by damage to a particular part of the brain, now known as Broca’s area. In 1874 Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, made a similar observation about another brain area and was similarly immortalized. The location of different language-processing tasks in Broca’s areas (found in the brain’s left temporal lobe, above the ear) was one of the first pieces of evidence that different bits of the brain are specialized to do different jobs. 

The work of Broca and Wernicke marked the beginning of research into the brain and its role in the production of language. 

Read the following paragraph and choose the main idea A, B, or C.

When philosophers debate what it is that makes humans unique among animals, they often point to language. Other animals can communicate, of course. But despite the best efforts of biologists working with beasts as diverse as chimpanzees, dolphins and parrots, no other species has yet shown the subtleties of syntax that give human languages their power. There is, however, another sonic medium that might be thought uniquely human and that is music. Other species can sing (indeed, many birds do so better than a lot of people) but birdsong and the song of animals such as whales, has a limited repertoire-and no other animal is known to have developed a musical instrument. 

The Disease Multiple Sclerosis
Prg A) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the patient’s immune system attacks the central nervous system. This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms, as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain. However, the human body, being a flexible, adaptable system, can compensate for some level of damage, so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.

There are many types of _______.

Prg B)  MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease: the relapsing form and the primary progressive form. In the relapsing form, the disease progresses in a series of jumps; at times it is in remission, which means that a person’s normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active. This is the most common form of MS; 80- 90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years. Eventually, however, loss of physical and cognitive function starts to take place, and the remissions become less frequent.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg C)  In the primary progressive form of MS, there are no remissions, and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10-15% of sufferers at diagnosis.

In the primary progressive form of MS, loss of physical and cognitive functions _______.

Prg D)  The expected course of the disease, or prognosis, depends on many variables: the subtype of the disease, the patient’s individual characteristics and the initial symptoms. Life expectancy of patients, however, is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person-provided that a reasonable standard of care is received. In some cases, a near-normal life span is possible.

The _______ of people diagnosed with MS is similar to those who are not affected by the illness.

Prg E)  The cause of the disease is unclear; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility, which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40. It is more common in women than men; however, it has also been diagnosed in young children and elderly people.

Which of the following may not be a cause of MS?

Prg F) Hereditary factors have been seen to have some relevance. Studies of identical twins have shown that if one twin has the disease, then it is likely that the other twin will develop it. In addition, it is important to realize that close relatives of patients have a higher chance of developing the disease than people without a relative who has MS.

If one _______ is affected the other is likely to develop MS.

Prg G) Where people live can be seen to have a clear effect, as MS does not occur as frequently in every country. It commonly affects Caucasian people, particularly in North America, Europe and Australia. It has been recognized that MS is more common the further the country is away from the equator, and the incidence of MS is generally much higher in northern countries with temperate climates than in warmer southern countries.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg H) Three things, which do not normally occur in healthy people, happen to people who have MS. First, tiny patches of inflammation occur in the brain or spinal cord. Second, the protective coating around the axons, or nerve fibers, in the body start to deteriorate. Third, the axons themselves become damaged or destroyed. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms in the patient, depending on where the affected axons are located.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg I) A common symptom of MS is blurred vision caused by inflammation of the optic nerve. Another sign is loss of muscle tone in arms and legs; this is when control of muscle movement, or strength in the arms or legs, can be lost. Sense of touch can be lost so that the body is unable to feel heat or cold or the sufferer experiences temperature inappropriately; that is, feeling heat when it is cold and vice versa. Balance can also be affected; some people may eventually have to resort to a wheelchair, either on a permanent or temporary basis. The course of the disease varies from person to person.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Prg J) A diagnosis of MS is often confirmed by the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, which can show defects in the brain and spinal cord. Once diagnosed, MS is a lifelong disease; no cure exists, although a number of medical treatments have been shown to reduce relapses and slow the progression of the disease. It is important that patients with the disease are diagnosed early so that treatment, which can slow the disease, can be started early.

Which of the following information can be found in the paragraph?

Zebras are members of the horse family. However, these ‘stripey horses’ are not used for riding. Keen riders have occasionally attempted to try. Although zebras have at times let someone sit on their back, the rider soon discovered that a zebra’s neck is stiffer than a horse’s, lacking the suppleness that enables riders to control the horse. The structure of a zebra’s back also makes it less suitable for riding. It would undoubtedly be possible to breed zebras that would ride well, but with the arrival of the internal combustion engine there has not been much incentive to do so.

What is the writer’s conclusion about zebras?

Governments. business and many types of institutions collect. organize and record statistics. Statistics capture vital information about such things as the economy. population and the environment and therefore allow meaningful comparisons to be made. This can then inform decisions and plans made about such issues which in turn become public policies. While it may be the issues behind the statistics, rather than the statistics as such that command the public’s attention, it must be recognized that it is the figures that inform these issues.

The author considers statistics to be important because

Choose TWO answers.

Much has been written on the wooden sculptures of West Africa. especially Nigeria, which was pre-eminent in the art, for unlike other crafts, wood-carving has long been acknowledged in the West as an art form. Yet, compared with stone or bronze, wood is not a very durable material in tropical conditions and the oldest carvings in Nigeria are probably no more than two hundred and fifty years old. Many of the earliest. maybe the finest of the wood carvings may also have been destroyed by termites. When one is attacked in this way, no attempt is made to preserve it; a new one is made to replace it, for the creativity of making it is valued above the object per se. The finest sculptures were made for religious or ceremonial purposes, and the art of creation was itself a religious act.

 What has led to there being no very old wood carvings in West Africa?

Re-order the sentences to make a paragraph.

Write the words below in the blanks.

• option
• opportunity
• selection
• requires
• factors 
• rate 

Write the words below in the blanks.

• practiced
• defined
• affected
• interested
• applied
• diagnosed

Write the words below in the blanks.

• capture
• communicate
• different
• grow
• learn
• range
• sociable
• strange

Choose the correct answer

A recent study reveals that the ability to walk quickly in old age is an indicator of a long life. The report examined results from recent research. The 17)_____ in the research were tested on a regular 18)_____ over an extended period of time. The researchers focused on the relationship between walking speed in the post sixty-five age group and longevity. They concluded that there was a direct correlation between walking speed and life span. 

A key researcher gave the explanation that this link exists 19)_____ walking involves the use of many bodily functions working in unison. The heart, lungs, skeletal system, joints. muscles, nerves and brain have to work together in order to ensure a consistent speed. Damage to any of these systems may mean a much slower walking speed 20)_____ could signal medical problems.

Choose the correct answer

A recent study reveals that the ability to walk quickly in old age is an indicator of a long life. The report examined results from recent research. The 17)_____ in the research were tested on a regular 18)_____ over an extended period of time. The researchers focused on the relationship between walking speed in the post sixty-five age group and longevity. They concluded that there was a direct correlation between walking speed and life span. 

A key researcher gave the explanation that this link exists 19)_____ walking involves the use of many bodily functions working in unison. The heart, lungs, skeletal system, joints. muscles, nerves and brain have to work together in order to ensure a consistent speed. Damage to any of these systems may mean a much slower walking speed 20)_____ could signal medical problems.

Choose the correct answer

A recent study reveals that the ability to walk quickly in old age is an indicator of a long life. The report examined results from recent research. The 17)_____ in the research were tested on a regular 18)_____ over an extended period of time. The researchers focused on the relationship between walking speed in the post sixty-five age group and longevity. They concluded that there was a direct correlation between walking speed and life span. 

A key researcher gave the explanation that this link exists 19)_____ walking involves the use of many bodily functions working in unison. The heart, lungs, skeletal system, joints. muscles, nerves and brain have to work together in order to ensure a consistent speed. Damage to any of these systems may mean a much slower walking speed 20)_____ could signal medical problems.

Choose the correct answer

A recent study reveals that the ability to walk quickly in old age is an indicator of a long life. The report examined results from recent research. The 17)_____ in the research were tested on a regular 18)_____ over an extended period of time. The researchers focused on the relationship between walking speed in the post sixty-five age group and longevity. They concluded that there was a direct correlation between walking speed and life span. 

A key researcher gave the explanation that this link exists 19)_____ walking involves the use of many bodily functions working in unison. The heart, lungs, skeletal system, joints. muscles, nerves and brain have to work together in order to ensure a consistent speed. Damage to any of these systems may mean a much slower walking speed 20)_____ could signal medical problems.